Commontide
Proper 25
Liturgical Color: White/Gold
The 19th Sunday after Trinity
Almighty and everlasting God, you govern all things both in heaven and on earth: Mercifully hear the supplications of your people, and in our time grant us your peace; through Jesus Christ our Lord, who lives and reigns with you and the Holy Spirit, one God, for ever and ever. Amen.
Most liturgical texts are from the Book of Common Prayer (2019) of the Anglican Church in North America.
The New Coverdale Psalter, © 2019 by the Anglican Church in North America. Used by permission.
King of the West Saxons and Defender of the Faith
Anglican Commemoration
Alfred was King of Wessex from 871 to 899, one of only two English monarchs called "the Great." He rallied a beaten kingdom to defeat the Danish invaders at Edington, then turned to rebuilding the learning and faith that decades of war had long beleaguered. He sponsored and personally assisted the translation of Latin works of Christian wisdom, including Boethius, Gregory, and Augustine into English with his own hand. He is commemorated particularly in the Anglican calendar as an example of Christian statesmanship. His feast is October 26, the day of his death and new life in Heaven.
Alfred was born in 849, the youngest son of King Æthelwulf of Wessex. As a child he twice visited Rome, and the tradition that Pope Leo IV 'confirmed' him — perhaps a misinterpretation of a consular anointing — later fed the belief that he was marked for kingship from childhood.
He became king in 871 after the deaths of his father and three older brothers, inheriting a kingdom under relentless Danish assault. His first years were desperate: in early 878, a surprise Danish attack forced him into hiding in the Somerset marshes, reduced to a guerrilla leader with a handful of followers. From this nadir he rallied, defeated the Danish king Guthrum at the Battle of Edington (878), and negotiated the Treaty of Wedmore, which established the Danelaw boundary and required Guthrum's baptism.
With the military situation stabilized, Alfred turned to the revival of learning and faith. He lamented that the Danish invasions had destroyed monastic libraries and that 'there were very few men south of the Humber who could understand their divine services in English, or even translate a letter from Latin.' His response was a remarkable program of translation: he personally translated — or supervised the translation of — Gregory the Great's Pastoral Care, Boethius's Consolation of Philosophy, Augustine's Soliloquies, and the first fifty psalms. He also commissioned the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and a translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History.
Alfred reformed law, drawing on Mosaic, Christian, and Anglo-Saxon precedents. He established a system of public education, built monasteries (notably at Athelney, the site of his refuge), reorganized the military (the burghal system), and developed a navy.
He died on October 26, 899, having ruled for twenty-eight years and transformed Wessex from a beleaguered kingdom into the most powerful state in Britain.
The story of Alfred burning the cakes — sheltering in a peasant woman's cottage during his exile in the Somerset marshes and being scolded for letting her cakes burn — first appears in the 11th-century Vita Sancti Neoti and later versions of Asser. It is not in Asser's original text and is a classic humility topos (the king reduced to peasant circumstances). It may preserve folk memory of the Athelney exile but is not historically attestable.
Alfred's childhood visits to Rome (853 and 855) are attested by Asser and the Chronicle, but the tradition that Pope Leo IV anointed him as future king is probably a misunderstanding of a consular ceremony. Later tradition inflated this into a papal prophecy of kingship.
Alfred's personal piety — described by Asser in detail — is historical rather than hagiographic. Asser records that Alfred suffered from a painful and debilitating illness (possibly Crohn's disease) throughout his adult life, which he bore with patience and prayer.